19 Jan
0
Bitcoin is “digital gold” and will mark the end of cash. Ametrano from IMI Bank explains.
(Sole24ore) Bitcoin is periodically back in the news, most of the time in a bad way like the recent presented use of the currency, then denied, from islamic terrorist authors of the attacks in Paris. At the same time banks and financial institutions seem extremely interested in the tech behind bitcoin.
We talk about this with Ferdinando Ametrano(*), from IMI Bank, Banca Intesa Sanpaolo group.
Professor Ametrano, what is Bitcoin?
Bitcoin is a private currency, that isn’t issued by any central bank nor guaranteed by any institution. It is electronically transferrable in a practically instant way, utilising a cryptographic security protocol. It is based on a completely decentralized network: the transactions don’t require a middleman, cannot be censored, don’t have any kind of geographical or amount restriction, and are possible 24 hours a day every day and are substantially free.
How can transaction be substantially free? Who covers the costs of the bitcoin network? Who guarantees its safety?
Bitcoin’s network security is handled by nodes, that validate transactions and are also called miners.
The costs that they sustain while doing this activity are covered by issuing new bitcoins.
We’re more and more hearing about blockchain, how is it related to bitcoin?
The validated bitcoin transactions are “stacked” in blocks. Every new block of transactions is written down on a public and distributed ledger, organised like a ordered chain of blocks. This public ledger is in fact called blockchain, a term generally used to define the underlying technology of bitcoin. The blockchain tech regulates the transfer of a “digital token” to the whom can be associated a variety of goods and rights of the real world. The token, that is fundamental for the existence of this technology, gains value due to its use in the digital world.
The bitcoin currency is in fact the digital token of the first and most distributed blockchain: it’s impossible separating the two. It’s hence possible having technological applications that “hide” the token or in which the token has a value not relevant if compared to the right or to the good that it represents, and avoid calling it bitcoin or utilising a different blockchain from the one bitcoin’s using.
Is it true that bitcoin’s author could be proposed for the nobel prize in economics?
The white paper that describes the bitcoin protocol was published around October 2008, by a person known as Satoshi Nakamoto, an identity which has yet to be confirmed. Nakamoto released the source code for Bitcoin in January 2009, and then he gradually vanished, leaving the development to others. He vanished completely around mid-2010, when he stopped answering to any message. As of today, even due to the poor understanding of Bitcoin and to the lack of diffusion it has, the Nobel prize is just a boutade.
We frequently hear about anonymity in bitcoin transactions. Why?
We should instead talk about pseudonymity: the blockchain is in fact a public ledger and all the transactions take place in a transparent way between the different bitcoin addresses, which are like IBANs from our bank accounts. There is not however any way to force the identification of the person or organization behind the address.
The lack of user identification and the fact that transaction can’t be censored are aspects that make bitcoin interesting for terrorists and criminals, don’t they?
In theory, yes. But in practice the interest is limited. The common sense suggests that the currency used by terrorist in still in most cases the US dollar, because it’s globally accepted.
Back in October the British Treasury has completed a study revolved around the key points in money laundering and terrorism financing: Bitcoin was found to be the one with less risk, before banks, legal services and accountancy, gambling, cash etc. We know that criminals use internet, cellular phones, and transport services: we can’t shame technology because of this.
There are always new challenges and we have to adapt to them: the authorities have shown they know how, for example when they took down Silk Road, the darknet market that used bitcoin as the go-to currency. The most sensitive point in the Bitcoin environment are for sure the exchanges, where people can buy and sell bitcoins: they represent the point where Bitcoin and the regulated financial system make contact, where suspect actions can be intercepted.
Obviously, regulating and prosecuting the illicit uses of bitcoin is necessary, exactly like how it’s done with all the other tools we have to our disposal. How far are we in doing this?
The international regulators are following with great attention the Bitcoin phenomenon. The New York Department of Financial Services has released last June, the so-called BitLicense, a regulatory framework developed in about two years of study and consultations. The head of this department said that the regulator should not, especially at this time of development, suffocate the innovation that this new technology brings. This was repeated in the following months by the chairman of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission and the Canadian Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce. Bank of England defined this promising technology as a payment system.
The European Central Bank has published two studies. If other countries and states are prudent, Europe decided a more cautious approach: the European Banking Association urged national regulators to discourage banks from buying, selling and holding bitcoins.
And yet Banks, stock exchanges, and the financial institutions in general, even while staying away from bitcoin are really interested in blockchain technology.
Of course, and for an absolutely crucial reason. Financial transactions are reversible for a long time (with credit card chargebacks possibile for up to 6 months) and even when they seem to take an instant they are actually regulated (clearing and settlement) in two or three days after the transaction itself through central counter-parties and clearing houses. The settlement system is burdened by significant costs and levies. In a world where information travels instantly at virtually no cost, these layered and convoluted processes are inefficient, expensive and inadequate. The validation of a transition on blockchain happens at the same time as its clearing and settlement and is not reversible, resembling in a lot of ways cash transactions. When you receive bitcoins you are certain that whoever sends them is in real possession of them and that the transfer is immediately effective and irreversible.
How is Bitcoin’s monetary policy defined?
The validation of a new block of transactions happens every 10 minutes or so, and requires a significant work from miners. Those who exhibit this kind of work (proof-of-work) is paid back as of now with 25 bitcoins every block. This reward halves every four years and it will reach 0 approximately in 2140, when the system will have to cover its costs with transaction fees, that, at the moment, are negligible. This defines entirely bitcoin’s monetary policy.
So, can we expect the rise of new and more efficient financial services and the redefinition of the actual ones on through blockchain technology?
It’s hard to find clear arrival points in this pioneering phase. The ‘fundamentalists’ of the blockchain technology believe that the traditional financial world will be swept away completely; these are opposed to radical conservatives who believe existing financial institutions will instead simply incorporate and adapt the tech to its needs; as always, the truth probably stands in the middle. In any case, despite the general enthusiasm or concern, it is not yet clear if and which applications will be adopted by the traditional financial world.
The blockchain technology aims at uncensored transactions guaranteed by an inherently decentralized ecosystem. Decentralization is, however, naturally inefficient in terms of scalability in the number of transactions (about 3 per second, compared to the 60 thousand possible inside the centralized VISA network) and completely sealed against regulatory processes. These features make it a problem for financial institutions and regulators.
And yet blockchain technology is more and more being represented as able to solve all the problems that currently burden our financial system: costs, inefficiency, lack of transparency, etc.
I often have the impression that behind the blockchain innovation label is behind hidden the attempt to reform the organizational side of these processes even before the technological one. Many of the proposed solutions are simple misinformation, implemented through databases in a more efficient and cheap way than a blockchain. In general, the blockchain is suitable for public goods or services, which must therefore be handled in a transparent, decentralized way.
For example, the transfer of monetary value between different countries and different currencies: you could have IOUs issued and guaranteed by banking groups and placed on a circuit that automates their compensation. A similar situation is offered by Ripple, one of the distributed public ledger solutions alternative to bitcoin. It’s easy imagining a group of banks that share this idea, maybe utilising the concept in a different distribution.
It is recent news that thirty of the most important banks in the world have joined the R3CEV consortium. The goal is to make the public distributed ledger useful in the financial world traditional, going past scalability limits. Will Intesa Sanpaolo be there?
The event that you are describing is certainly the most interesting, if nothing else just for of the caliber of participants: Intesa Sanpaolo is considering whether to join or not and in any case it will be interesting to follow the work that will be done there. The performance limits of the current blockchain technology are intrinsic to the exceptional level of decentralized security: they can be mitigated or even improved by reintroducing a minimal centralization in the network. Along this path of centralization, however, you might find that the database technology has a competitive advantage. In recent months, the debate on the distributed records saw the opposition of public (no control, such as bitcoin) to private (controlled, as Ripple). It is open to question whether and how the private distributed registers differ from simple replicated databases.
What role could banks play in the blockchain ecosystem?
The stability of the financial market needs an influential player, able to provide adequate guarantees of reliability. Banks play this role in our economy, even if not flawlessly. The customer identification (for anti-money laundering and to fight of terrorism financing), being a ‘custodian’ for the whole system and granting its functionality, giving out credits, the market-making on financial markets: these and many other activities have the banks in leadership.
I don’t think the entry in the banking world of technology giants is imminent, although it should be noted that Apple capitalise about the same as the top 30 banks in the eurozone. Moreover, the British Bank Association wrote that “banks must agree to the fact that they are more and more part of a wide ecosystem that consumers themselves are building. Well, their role in the ecosystem is far from secure. ” A lesson has already been tried in other areas by leading brands such as Kodak, Blackberry or Blockbuster.
What is Intesa Sanpaolo doing right now? Between all the great international groups you are the ones with the most conservative public profile about it.
Our bank has been following the Bitcoin phenomenon since May 2014 at least. A study task force coordinated by our Chief Economist, Gregorio De Felice, worked six months involving all of the bank’s the different functions and summarised what should be the strategy guidelines for the group. In July, we responded publicly with a documented analysis to the “Call for Evidence” of the European Security Market Association. It is certainly a land where you need to move with caution: this is why we are evaluating with great selectivity a number of initiatives. I am confident that soon enough our operational choices will become more clear.
As of now bitcoin hasn’t really imposed itself as a currency for commercial transactions, not even online.
This because bitcoin is not a good currency for transactions, but rather a speculative investment. In the digital environment bitcoin it is more comparable to gold than to a currency, sharing with gold some severe limitations in the use. A good currency should have three characteristics: being a mean of exchange, utility conservation, unit of account. Bitcoin is unbeatable on the first two aspects: instantly transferable, divisible without limit, tamper-proof, non-perishable, with virtually zero cost of conservation, and it can be easily stored for later use.
The not so good sides of Bitcoin come out when analysing the unit of account: the currency, in general, is the good we reference when we measure the relative value of other assets. And a unit we use to measure. The value of each asset, however, is determined by the law of supply and demand: as the supply of bitcoins is deterministically fixed and completely inelastic, any change in demand is reflected in changes in value. The value of Bitcoin has appreciated by a few cents in 2010 to about $ 300 today (almost touching, with a frightening volatility, the level of $ 1,200 in 2013): this aspect makes the joy of speculators but makes it impossible to have stable prices in bitcoin, contract mutual, fix salaries or lock in forward prices.
In the recent years we’ve been hearing controversial things about e-money. So is bitcoin going to fail
I wouldn’t talk about failure: bitcoin could be used, in the future, as a digital “gold reserve” asset for a next generation of cryptocurrencies with a flexible monetary policy, the ones i call “Hayek Money”. Gold was adopted without any central planning by all civilizations in the world, for its peculiarities (the fact that it does not rust and its rarity) and uses (jewellery and ornaments). The adoption of bitcoin is spreading in a similar way in the digital domain, without central planning, for its peculiarities (available in a limited non-alterable quantity) and utilities (transferable token can not be duplicated). The possibilities that are opening up in money’s history are extraordinary.
What exactly do you mean?
Money is a social relations tool and on it we’ve based the whole exchange economy. It was created by mankind to cooperate with those who are outside of the gift economy, a characteristic of the family and of close relationships. Gold has historically established themselves as a monetary standard: the minting of the coin from Caesar will initially only confirmed purity and quantity. Gold has been gradually replaced by notes, that were initially conceived as certificates that could be converted into gold, guaranteed first from private individuals and later by kings, governments and central banks.
Gold has been gradually reduced as a tool of monetary policy, due to the restrictions it involves: today we use fiat money (fiat from the Latin “fiat lux et fuit lux“), money without intrinsic value whose acceptability is based on a social contract which determines the legal tender. All democracies and developed economies have delegated the management of the currency and its stability to an independent central bank, to avoid abuses that governments could make.
The Blockchain technology has the opposite trend: for the first time after thousands of years it looks like currency can be used without Cesar controlling it.
We often hear about non financial uses of the blockchain: public vehicle record, land register, digital id certification, notary services. What is your opinion about them?
With the blockchain we have for the first time a digital token which can be transferred, but cannot be duplicated. This opens new scenarios: I have great interest and curiosity in the various proposals and I try to support their development through participation in AssoB.it, the Italian association for the promotion of the blockchain technology. But i must confess that for know i see bitcoin as the killer app in blockchain technology, like e-mail was for internet back in the 90s. There will certainly be in future businesses and services difficult to predict, like Google, Amazon or Facebook we some time ago. Personally i’ve yet to identify them.
In a time of growing demand for dramatically scarce blockchain skills, i’m afraid that Italian universities are not really being receptive. Luckly something is moving with the private research center BlockchainLab in Milan.
What could be the next big thing in the bitcoin/blockchain environment?
The digitalization of cash, which is in my opinion the most urgent and inevitable. The pros of bitcoin over cash are its traceability, transparency and the fact that it’s impossible to forge it. The blockchain could be for payment systems what was internet for communication and information.
Author: Massimo Chiriatti, technologist and member of Assob.it
*F. Ametrano is a leading italian expert in the field of coins often called virtual, mathematical or cryptographic. Professor at the University Milano Bicocca is also a member of the supervisory body of AssoB.it
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5 Jan
0
Infographic: What is Segregated Witness?
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29 Oct
0
Infographic: Why Is Decentralized Currency Better?
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22 Oct
15
BitShares 2.0 – Will Users and Banks Be Using Graphene in the Future?
Graphene, the super material that our computer chips might be made of soon, still isn’t very well known. However, with BitShares 2.0 being called Graphene, the word might become a stable part of your lexicon soon. The BitShares 2.0 has been long anticipated by both the BitShares and cryptocurrency communities. Since its announcement earlier this summer, BitShares has started to restructure themselves in preparation for BitShares 2.0. Though they are adding a lot of functionality, the core stake distribution is not changing at all. In testing, they have been able to sustain 3000+ tx per 3sec block, compared to the 7 transactions per second that the Bitcoin network is theoretically limited to. To reach even larger network sizes, Graphene is tapping into the same future expectations that Bitcoin users expect to keep their network viable: Moore’s Law. The pace of technology is such that eventually just one rented VPS will be able to handle all of the world’s financial transactions.“We can trade peer to peer anywhere in the world in a few seconds. We’ve got capacity for every existing exchange to become a member of our network, treating their own customers to the combined market depth of all exchanges on a shared transparent ledger.”
Graphene works as an open source toolkit, and the original BitShares team needed this change because they were having to sell BitShares just to keep going. The list of new features include:
Votable Network Parameters, Flexible and Dynamic Access Control, Transferable Account Names, On-Chain Proposed Transactions, a New Full Node/Client Concept, a Referral Program, Recurring and Scheduled Payments, and the addition of new Privatized BitAssets. More information about Graphene and the newest features can be found here.
BitShares Style Decentralization Is What Banks Need
Decentralization provides the BitShare network, and all altcoin networks, with a new type of security that banks do not have – maybe even for functions we traditionally use a bank for. A network that functions by consensus and push transactions instead of pull transactions, is almost a holy grail in the banking industry. It’s no wonder that we’ve seen banks rush to “blockchain” technology. BitShares is confident in their security, they commented:
“It’s impervious to the hacker attacks that even the biggest exchanges have suffered.”
BitShares was one of the first cryptocurrencies to to engage in fiat and asset pegging, which is an angel that banks will certainly be interested in exploring. As we see more and more banks enter the Bitcoin and blockchain space, though, how many of them will realize that BitShares already has what they might need?
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18 Oct
0
Infographic: Bitcoin in Politics
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15 Oct
1
Chainthon – The Bitcoin and Blockchain Hackathon in Athens, Greece
Athens, Greece is about to have its first Bitcoin and Blockchain Hackathon, aptly named the Chainthon, on October 17th. The hackathon is a direct response to growing support for Bitcoin as well as growing pressures on the local financial system. The Hellenic Bitcoin community explained their situation in a press release:
“This year, we are witnessing an economic crisis escalate into a humanitarian crisis. Hundreds of thousands are fleeing the war in the Middle East in search of a better life, only to find different obstacles in Europe. Many of the countries they travel through are facing a severe economic crisis, making it difficult to transfer money or receive donations.”
The refugee issue facing much of Europe has reignited age-old tensions between ethnic groups that have been at odds for centuries. The growing amount of forcefully or willfully unbanked refugees and ex-pats is an immediate use case for Bitcoin technology. However, it is almost certainly the latter group of ex-pats, not refugees, that are currently taking advantage of Bitcoin. George Papageorgiou, the organizer of the event, laid out the main goal of the event:
“The Hellenic Bitcoin community is hosting a hackathon aiming to increase awareness locally and tackling the more prevalent issue of value transfer in situations of socioeconomic crises. We will try to hack together, a practical and accessible system that can transfer donations to anyone without requiring a lot of education or an intermediary.”
HolyTransaction is a digital currency company that believes in the promise of Bitcoin and blockchain technology. International payments, transfers, and people are our audience. As we’ve noted before, the Greek area is unique poised to benefit from the promise of Bitcoin and cryptocurrencies because of recent economic crises and also the new escalating pressures.
Introducing newcomers, especially those with strong developing and coding skills, to Bitcoin is a crucial service that cannot be promoted enough. HolyTransaction believes that people just finding out about Bitcoin should focus heavily on education. Read the whitepaper! Check out good Bitcoin videos, as it’s often easier to listen to a charismatic speaker than it is to read a dense wiki.
If you are in Athens, please check out the first Greek Bitcoin and Blockchain Hackathon. HolyTransaction supports Bitcoin events and would love to hear about your upcoming Bitcoin or Blockchain hackathon.
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13 Oct
0
The 7 Best Bitcoin Youtube Video
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13 Oct
0
Infographic: Who Uses Bitcoin?
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7 Oct
0
New North Carolina Money Transmitter Bill Could Push Out Bitcoin Companies
How many Bitcoin companies operate in North Carolina? How many will there be? A new piece of legislation making its way through the North Carolina State Senate is attempting to enact further regulations on companies that handle digital currencies such as bitcoin. Originally sponsored by a state representative that also happens to be a vice president at Wells Fargo, the North Carolina legislature has moved forward with H289. H289 has made it through the North Carolina House of Representatives, and has started making its way through their state Senate. Luckily for us, the new senate bill S680 will not be voted on until Spring 2016. S680 is officially drafted by the North Carolina Banking Commission, which specifically mentioned that the proposed legislation is coming about as a result of requests by certain companies seeking clarity about digital currency regulation. It’s pretty easy to figure out which company that is.
The Politician Forgot to Take Off his Banker Hat
Before delving into the implication of this new update to the North Carolina Money Transmitters Act, we should consider the ridiculousness of how it came to be in the first place. The Representative that forgot to take off his hat was none other than Republican Representative Stephen Ross. Officially, his title is Executive Vice President, and he often votes on and sponsors financial industry related bills. Ross has also voted to protect officials that refuse to perform same-sex ceremonies. Such a bill has thus far only seen success in Utah.
A much better example of how to wear two hats can be found in a Virginia Representative. Mark Keam, a vice president for Verizon Communications has vowed to abstain from voting on issues that might present a conflict of interest with his Verizon job. Why this isn’t a basic requirement is still baffling to me. More importantly, Keam committed to not submitting any telecommunications bills during his time on the job. Representative Stephen Ross, from just a state south of Virginia, is truly only representative of the perceived political corruption and rot that fuels the anarchist movement. In a world where people are wearing more hats, both literally and figuratively, better rules to weed out moral hazard and stymie conflicts of interest are needed. More importantly, people who will follow these rules, and not bend them until they break, are also needed.
Coinbase Supports This Bill
As Bitcoin company BitGo’s engineer Jameson Lopp notes in a Medium article, Coinbase is the only Bitcoin company with lobbyists in North Carolina and it is believed that these lobbyists are actively pushing for more regulation of Bitcoin companies. These regulations would benefit companies such as Coinbase but would damage the efficacy of other smaller companies in North Carolina. In fact, Coinbase published a blog post where they praised the proposed legislation out of North Carolina. Coinbase wrote:
“We want to thank the NC Bank Commissioner’s office for engaging with industry while modernizing its MTA and working to make NC a welcoming place for tech innovation. Please join us in thanking both Representative Ross and Senator Gunn, who sponsored the legislation in the NC House and Senate, respectively, and in urging the NC Legislature to move quickly in passing the legislation.”
Proposed Changes May Harm Some Bitcoin Companies
Previously, the net worth requirement for receiving a license and being a fully legal Bitcoin company in the state was 100K, now it could be 250K. Depending on the volume your company handles, the surety bond that you need to provide could cost as much as 100K more than the previous $150K amount. The application fee itself has increased from $500 to $1,500 and the annual assessment fee has been raised to $5,000 and also heightens depending on transmission volume.
As Coinbase has settled itself into North Carolina. Other Bitcoin companies, such as Xapo and CoinOutlet, have announced their departure from the state. Jameson Lopp hopes that S680 can suffer a fate similar to AB1326 in the California legislature. He is working with the Chamber of Digital Commerce to create amendments to the bill that would exempt certain types of entities or activities from this legislation, and potentially give some Bitcoin companies some breathing room. However, he notes that the complete defeat of the bill is a preferred outcome.
About the author: Caleb Chen is a cryptocurrency advocate and is a research assistant at the Chamber of Digital Commerce.
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5 Oct
0
Bitcoin’s Monthly Recap of September 2015
Welcome to HolyTransaction’s ninth monthly recap for the year 2015. This past month of September has been marked by some pretty developments in old cases and the long awaited release of new products; during that time, the bitcoin price rose from a low of $229.86 on September 1st to a high of $236.12 on September 30th, according to Bitcoin exchange Bitstamp.
Mike Tyson Proud to Be In Bitcoin, Opens Bitcoin ATM in Las Vegas
Weeks ago, Mike Tyson announced that he would be releasing a Tyson branded Bitcoin ATM in Las Vegas. The Lamassu Bitcoin ATM currently sits at the Linq in Vegas, is the 7th in Sin City, and has gathered a lot of attention. Tyson believes that Bitcoin will grow as education on it grows. He commented: “People don’t really understand a currency based on numerical equations. I personally still don’t … but I’m grateful to be a part of the revolution and hoping that my participation in this space will lead to more conversations and help increase knowledge and awareness.”
More Corruption in FBI Silk Road Case As Variety Johns Comes Forward
Variety Johns, the man long associated with working with Ross Ulbricht and Silk Road, has turned himself in and revealed a very convoluted tale. He claims that a corrupt federal agent is threatening the Ulbricht family and is in control of an encrypted Bitcoin wallet with Ross Ulbricht’s bitcoins. Posting to the internet, Variety Johns revealed his real name and the alias of the supposed agent hunting him: Diamond. The years old investigation into Silk Road is still ongoing.
21 Inc. Releases 21 Bitcoin Computer
21 Inc., one of the most well-funded Bitcoin companies in the world, has released its first product: the 21 Bitcoin Computer. At its core, the Bitcoin computer is just a Raspberry Pi 2 with an attached 21 Inc. Bitcoin mining chip that is rather efficient. The Bitcoin computer enables a developer to have full access to the Bitcoin network as a full node. Already, the computer has become the #1 best selling server on Amazon.
R3 Blockchain Initiative Brings 22 International Banks Together
In a sure sign of the times, many big name banks from around the world have committed to working with new Bitcoin company R3. R3 is planning a blockchain development initiative that will update the financial infrastructure that banks use to include blockchain technology, whether or not Bitcoin will be involved remains to be seen. The CEO of R3 stated: “The addition of this new group of banks demonstrates widespread support for innovative distributed ledger solutions across the global financial services community, and we’re delighted to have them on board.”
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