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CarChargingviaEthereum

Ethereum used for Car Charging in Germany

A German power company, RWE, started a partnership with the Ethereum-based startup Slock.it, to develop proofs-of-concepts (POCs) using the Eth blockchain.

 

Germany supports green power

On May 2011 the German Environment Minister Norbert Rottgen announced the government’s decision to close all the nuclear power plants within 2022.
During an interview conducted by the BBC, in fact, Mr Rottgen commented:
 
It’s definite. The latest end for the last three nuclear power plants is 2022. There will be no clause for revision.”
So, RWE, company who provides coal and nuclear energy infrastructures in Germany, has now decided to invest money in a new sustainable energy and in an Ethereum project to reduce expenses.
To do so, RWE created a working team to test the blockchain technology to aim at trim costs by lowering expenses related to energy transmission.

Car Charging with Smart Contracts

 

In a recent interview conducted by CoinDesk, RWE Carsten Stöcker commented on a possible application of the blockchain: electric car charging stations that use smart contracts to authenticate users and manage the billing process.
“We would like to solve the problems and really push electric vehicle deployment forward by looking into establishing a seamless and affordable electrical charging infrastructure.”
This project debuted at the Lift 2016 conference in Geneva, Switzerland and it will play out within 2017.
According the RWE project, customers will use charging stations by accepting a smart contract programmed on the Ethereum blockchain.
Through this system users will save money thanks to a payment that is connected to the consuption of electricity during the charging, instead of paying according to the time connected to the station.

 

 

“What’s really exciting here is that people are going to be able to use smart contracts to contract with a machine directly, rather than contracting with a human being or a corporation,” he said to CoinDesk.

 

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Amelia Tomasicchio
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Visa is working on a secure and scalable Blockchain

The American multinational financial services corporation Visa annonuced its “secure and scalable” blockchain project.
To do so, Visa opened a position for software engineers who have to “explore and develop technologies that are critical to the payments industry in the future”, as stated in the job advertisement.
visa, blockchain, job, job position, scalable blockchain

Job Description

The researches will cover three key areas: data analytics, security and future of payments, so the team will work on develop a sort of proof-of-concept for the Visa blockchain network.

 

“Working on Future of Payment research at Visa is a unique opportunity at a time when the payments industry is undergoing a digital transformation with data as a critical differentiator. We offer you the opportunity to be at the center of innovation in the payments industry and unleash the power Visa technologies and massive data in innovating the future of payment concept.”

 

The perfect candidates must have programming experience, cryptography and “competency in data structures, algorithms and software design optimized for building highly distributed and parallelized systems”. 

 

Visa partners with Chain

Some months ago, Chain raised $30 million in a new venture funding, drawing funds from some financial companies including Visa.
Chain is a a blockchain developer platform that serves an enterprise market.

The blockchain is no longer a choice

Previously, on December 2015, Visa Europe stated that “the blockchain is no longer a choice”.
In an interesting blog post entitled “Why 2015 was the year of payments”, in fact, they commented on financial technologies including the subject of digital currencies, by saying:

 

“2015 has turned blockchain into something the industry has to live with. It is no longer a choice anymore. Recent news speculating about the identity of its creator and the formalisation of virtual money as a commodity just makes it more real than ever before.”

 

To know more about Visa perspective on the blockchain, you can read the full post here.

Open your free digital wallet here to store your cryptocurrencies in a safe place.

Amelia Tomasicchio

Bitcoin is “digital gold” and will mark the end of cash. Ametrano from IMI Bank explains.

(Sole24ore) Bitcoin is periodically back in the news, most of the time in a bad way like the recent presented use of the currency, then denied, from islamic terrorist authors of the attacks in Paris. At the same time banks and financial institutions seem extremely interested in the tech behind bitcoin.
We talk about this with Ferdinando Ametrano(*), from IMI Bank, Banca Intesa Sanpaolo group.
Professor Ametrano, what is Bitcoin?

Bitcoin is a private currency, that isn’t issued by any central bank nor guaranteed by any institution. It is electronically transferrable in a practically instant way, utilising a cryptographic security protocol. It is based on a completely decentralized network: the transactions don’t require a middleman, cannot be censored, don’t have any kind of geographical or amount restriction, and are possible 24 hours a day every day and are substantially free.

How can transaction be substantially free? Who covers the costs of the bitcoin network? Who guarantees its safety?
Bitcoin’s network security is handled by nodes, that validate transactions and are also called miners.
The costs that they sustain while doing this activity are covered by issuing new bitcoins.
We’re more and more hearing about blockchain, how is it related to bitcoin?
The validated bitcoin transactions are “stacked” in blocks. Every new block of transactions is written down on a public and distributed ledger, organised like a ordered chain of blocks. This public ledger is in fact called blockchain, a term generally used to define the underlying technology of bitcoin. The blockchain tech regulates the transfer of a “digital token” to the whom can be associated a variety of goods and rights of the real world. The token, that is fundamental for the existence of this technology, gains value due to its use in the digital world.
The bitcoin currency is in fact the digital token of the first and most distributed blockchain: it’s impossible separating the two. It’s hence possible having technological applications that “hide” the token or in which the token has a value not relevant if compared to the right or to the good that it represents, and avoid calling it bitcoin or utilising a different blockchain from the one bitcoin’s using.
Is it true that bitcoin’s author could be proposed for the nobel prize in economics?
The white paper that describes the bitcoin protocol was published around October 2008, by a person known as Satoshi Nakamoto, an identity which has yet to be confirmed. Nakamoto released the source code for Bitcoin in January 2009, and then he gradually vanished, leaving the development to others. He vanished completely around mid-2010, when he stopped answering to any message. As of today, even due to the poor understanding of Bitcoin and to the lack of diffusion it has, the Nobel prize is just a boutade.
We frequently hear about anonymity in bitcoin transactions. Why?
We should instead talk about pseudonymity: the blockchain is in fact a public ledger and all the transactions take place in a transparent way between the different bitcoin addresses, which are like IBANs from our bank accounts. There is not however any way to force the identification of the person or organization behind the address.
The lack of user identification and the fact that transaction can’t be censored are aspects that make bitcoin interesting for terrorists and criminals, don’t they?
In theory, yes. But in practice the interest is limited. The common sense suggests that the currency used by terrorist in still in most cases the US dollar, because it’s globally accepted.
Back in October the British Treasury has completed a study revolved around the key points in money laundering and terrorism financing: Bitcoin was found to be the one with less risk, before banks, legal services and accountancy, gambling, cash etc. We know that criminals use internet, cellular phones, and transport services: we can’t shame technology because of this.
There are always new challenges and we have to adapt to them: the authorities have shown they know how, for example when they took down Silk Road, the darknet market that used bitcoin as the go-to currency. The most sensitive point in the Bitcoin environment are for sure the exchanges, where people can buy and sell bitcoins: they represent the point where Bitcoin and the regulated financial system make contact, where suspect actions can be intercepted.
Obviously, regulating and prosecuting the illicit uses of bitcoin is necessary, exactly like how it’s done with all the other tools we have to our disposal. How far are we in doing this?
The international regulators are following with great attention the Bitcoin phenomenon. The New York Department of Financial Services has released last June, the so-called BitLicense, a regulatory framework developed in about two years of study and consultations. The head of this department said that the regulator should not, especially at this time of development, suffocate the innovation that this new technology brings. This was repeated in the following months by the chairman of the Australian Securities and Investment Commission and the Canadian Standing Senate Committee on Banking, Trade and Commerce. Bank of England defined this promising technology as a payment system.
The European Central Bank has published two studies. If other countries and states are prudent, Europe decided a more cautious approach: the European Banking Association urged national regulators to discourage banks from buying, selling and holding bitcoins.
And yet Banks, stock exchanges, and the financial institutions in general, even while staying away from bitcoin are really interested in blockchain technology.
Of course, and for an absolutely crucial reason. Financial transactions are reversible for a long time (with credit card chargebacks possibile for up to 6 months) and even when they seem to take an instant they are actually regulated (clearing and settlement) in two or three days after the transaction itself through central counter-parties and clearing houses. The settlement system is burdened by significant costs and levies. In a world where information travels instantly at virtually no cost, these layered and convoluted processes are inefficient, expensive and inadequate. The validation of a transition on blockchain happens at the same time as its clearing and settlement and is not reversible, resembling in a lot of ways cash transactions. When you receive bitcoins you are certain that whoever sends them is in real possession of them and that the transfer is immediately effective and irreversible.
How is Bitcoin’s monetary policy defined?
The validation of a new block of transactions happens every 10 minutes or so, and requires a significant work from miners. Those who exhibit this kind of work (proof-of-work) is paid back as of now with 25 bitcoins every block. This reward halves every four years and it will reach 0 approximately in 2140, when the system will have to cover its costs with transaction fees, that, at the moment, are negligible. This defines entirely bitcoin’s monetary policy.
So, can we expect the rise of new and more efficient financial services and the redefinition of the actual ones on through blockchain technology?
It’s hard to find clear arrival points in this pioneering phase. The ‘fundamentalists’ of the blockchain technology believe that the traditional financial world will be swept away completely; these are opposed to radical conservatives who believe existing financial institutions will instead simply incorporate and adapt the tech to its needs; as always, the truth probably stands in the middle. In any case, despite the general enthusiasm or concern, it is not yet clear if and which applications will be adopted by the traditional financial world.
The blockchain technology aims at uncensored transactions guaranteed by an inherently decentralized ecosystem. Decentralization is, however, naturally inefficient in terms of scalability in the number of transactions (about 3 per second, compared to the 60 thousand possible inside the centralized VISA network) and completely sealed against regulatory processes. These features make it a problem for financial institutions and regulators.
And yet blockchain technology is more and more being represented as able to solve all the problems that currently burden our financial system: costs, inefficiency, lack of transparency, etc.
I often have the impression that behind the blockchain innovation label is behind hidden the attempt to reform the organizational side of these processes even before the technological one. Many of the proposed solutions are simple misinformation, implemented through databases in a more efficient and cheap way than a blockchain. In general, the blockchain is suitable for public goods or services, which must therefore be handled in a transparent, decentralized way.
For example, the transfer of monetary value between different countries and different currencies: you could have IOUs issued and guaranteed by banking groups and placed on a circuit that automates their compensation. A similar situation is offered by Ripple, one of the distributed public ledger solutions alternative to bitcoin. It’s easy imagining a group of banks that share this idea, maybe utilising the concept in a different distribution.
It is recent news that thirty of the most important banks in the world have joined the R3CEV consortium. The goal is to make the public distributed ledger useful in the financial world traditional, going past scalability limits. Will Intesa Sanpaolo be there?
The event that you are describing is certainly the most interesting, if nothing else just for of the caliber of participants: Intesa Sanpaolo is considering whether to join or not and in any case it will be interesting to follow the work that will be done there. The performance limits of the current blockchain technology are intrinsic to the exceptional level of decentralized security: they can be mitigated or even improved by reintroducing a minimal centralization in the network. Along this path of centralization, however, you might find that the database technology has a competitive advantage. In recent months, the debate on the distributed records saw the opposition of public (no control, such as bitcoin) to private (controlled, as Ripple). It is open to question whether and how the private distributed registers differ from simple replicated databases.
What role could banks play in the blockchain ecosystem?
The stability of the financial market needs an influential player, able to provide adequate guarantees of reliability. Banks play this role in our economy, even if not flawlessly. The customer identification (for anti-money laundering and to fight of terrorism financing), being a ‘custodian’ for the whole system and granting its functionality, giving out credits, the market-making on financial markets: these and many other activities have the banks in leadership.
I don’t think the entry in the banking world of technology giants is imminent, although it should be noted that Apple capitalise about the same as the top 30 banks in the eurozone. Moreover, the British Bank Association wrote that “banks must agree to the fact that they are more and more part of a wide ecosystem that consumers themselves are building. Well, their role in the ecosystem is far from secure. ” A lesson has already been tried in other areas by leading brands such as Kodak, Blackberry or Blockbuster.
What is Intesa Sanpaolo doing right now? Between all the great international groups you are the ones with the most conservative public profile about it.
Our bank has been following the Bitcoin phenomenon since May 2014 at least. A study task force coordinated by our Chief Economist, Gregorio De Felice, worked six months involving all of the bank’s the different functions and summarised what should be the strategy guidelines for the group. In July, we responded publicly with a documented analysis to the “Call for Evidence” of the European Security Market Association. It is certainly a land where you need to move with caution: this is why we are evaluating with great selectivity a number of initiatives. I am confident that soon enough our operational choices will become more clear.
As of now bitcoin hasn’t really imposed itself as a currency for commercial transactions, not even online.
This because bitcoin is not a good currency for transactions, but rather a speculative investment. In the digital environment bitcoin it is more comparable to gold than to a currency, sharing with gold some severe limitations in the use. A good currency should have three characteristics: being a mean of exchange, utility conservation, unit of account. Bitcoin is unbeatable on the first two aspects: instantly transferable, divisible without limit, tamper-proof, non-perishable, with virtually zero cost of conservation, and it can be easily stored for later use.
The not so good sides of Bitcoin come out when analysing the unit of account: the currency, in general, is the good we reference when we measure the relative value of other assets. And a unit we use to measure. The value of each asset, however, is determined by the law of supply and demand: as the supply of bitcoins is deterministically fixed and completely inelastic, any change in demand is reflected in changes in value. The value of Bitcoin has appreciated by a few cents in 2010 to about $ 300 today (almost touching, with a frightening volatility, the level of $ 1,200 in 2013): this aspect makes the joy of speculators but makes it impossible to have stable prices in bitcoin, contract mutual, fix salaries or lock in forward prices.
In the recent years we’ve been hearing controversial things about e-money. So is bitcoin going to fail
I wouldn’t talk about failure: bitcoin could be used, in the future, as a digital “gold reserve” asset for a next generation of cryptocurrencies with a flexible monetary policy, the ones i call “Hayek Money”. Gold was adopted without any central planning by all civilizations in the world, for its peculiarities (the fact that it does not rust and its rarity) and uses (jewellery and ornaments). The adoption of bitcoin is spreading in a similar way in the digital domain, without central planning, for its peculiarities (available in a limited non-alterable quantity) and utilities (transferable token can not be duplicated). The possibilities that are opening up in money’s history are extraordinary.
What exactly do you mean?
Money is a social relations tool and on it we’ve based the whole exchange economy. It was created by mankind to cooperate with those who are outside of the gift economy, a characteristic of the family and of close relationships. Gold has historically established themselves as a monetary standard: the minting of the coin from Caesar will initially only confirmed purity and quantity. Gold has been gradually replaced by notes, that were initially conceived as certificates that could be converted into gold, guaranteed first from private individuals and later by kings, governments and central banks.
Gold has been gradually reduced as a tool of monetary policy, due to the restrictions it involves: today we use fiat money (fiat from the Latin “fiat lux et fuit lux“), money without intrinsic value whose acceptability is based on a social contract which determines the legal tender. All democracies and developed economies have delegated the management of the currency and its stability to an independent central bank, to avoid abuses that governments could make.
The Blockchain technology has the opposite trend: for the first time after thousands of years it looks like currency can be used without Cesar controlling it.
We often hear about non financial uses of the blockchain: public vehicle record, land register, digital id certification, notary services. What is your opinion about them?
With the blockchain we have for the first time a digital token which can be transferred, but cannot be duplicated. This opens new scenarios: I have great interest and curiosity in the various proposals and I try to support their development through participation in AssoB.it, the Italian association for the promotion of the blockchain technology. But i must confess that for know i see bitcoin as the killer app in blockchain technology, like e-mail was for internet back in the 90s. There will certainly be in future businesses and services difficult to predict, like Google, Amazon or Facebook we some time ago. Personally i’ve yet to identify them.
In a time of growing demand for dramatically scarce blockchain skills, i’m afraid that Italian universities are not really being receptive. Luckly something is moving with the private research center BlockchainLab in Milan.
What could be the next big thing in the bitcoin/blockchain environment?
The digitalization of cash, which is in my opinion the most urgent and inevitable. The pros of bitcoin over cash are its traceability, transparency and the fact that it’s impossible to forge it. The blockchain could be for payment systems what was internet for communication and information.
Author: Massimo Chiriatti, technologist and member of Assob.it
*F. Ametrano is a leading italian expert in the field of coins often called virtual, mathematical or cryptographic. Professor at the University Milano Bicocca is also a member of the supervisory body of AssoB.it

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Satoshi
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Deutsche Bank Is Bringing Bitcoin-Inspired Blockchain Technology to Germany

In a recently translated piece by the Deutsche bank, originally written by Thomas F. Dapp and Alexander Karollus, the German bank discussed how banks in general might be able to benefit from p2p networks like Bitcoin. The authors specifically mention a hypothetical future scenario where banks might assume new tasks that still play on banks’ perceived trustworthiness – “e.g. as custodians of cryptographic keys.” Other existing centralized services might have to adapt to serve other roles in the coming decentralized world. Don’t be surprised if someday soon Bloomberg to self-proclaim themselves as an oracle? They went on to note that the politics of Bitcoin would eventually lead to a head with regulators, law enforcement, etc. However, in the face of this new technology and potential regulatory backlash, Deutsche bank still wants to push forward… Because the concept of a blockchain really is that compelling, and the banks are finally starting to get it. Dapp and Karollus wrote:“Traditional banks should not rely on the regulator now, though, but instead actively experiment with the new technologies in their labs and collaborate without prejudice in order to create their own digital ecosystem in the medium run.”

This piece was originally published by Deutsche bank in late July. Since then, the German bank has delved head first into the investigation of blockchain use. Deutsche Bank is joining Morgan Stanley, Bank of America, HSBC, and Citi among other banks in a distributed ledger initiative lead by R3. Other banks include BNY Mellon, Commerzbank, Mitsubishi UFJ Financial Group, Royal Bank of Canada, SEB, National Australian Bank, and the Societe Generale and Toronto-Dominion Bank. The international representation in the project’s participants is not to be ignored. Many of these banks have also hosted big name Bitcoin companies, at least for a few weeks. For some banks, this move is clearly away from Bitcoin and to the blockchain – whatever that means. R3 CEO David Rutter commented:
 
“The addition of this new group of banks demonstrates widespread support for innovative distributed ledger solutions across the global financial services community, and we’re delighted to have them on board.”
Why are the banks rushing toward Bitcoin now? Why are they pushing the use of the words “distributed ledger” and “permissioned database” over “blockchain?” Why didn’t that sentence contain the word “Bitcoin?” All the banks delving into this new distributed technology know that they believe in blockchains more than bitcoins. After all, bitcoins have already suffered the taint of money laundering in the pen of the mainstream media and the eyes of the undiscerning reader, of which there are way too many. HolyTransaction believes in many blockchains, as evidenced by our support of other altcoins including our most recent addition – Gridcoin.
The community still isn’t quite sure what R3 is going to be doing with all of these banks and how involved Bitcoin will be. The emphasis that released products would be open source but might move away from proof of work, which some consider environmentally unviable. R3 is leading the world’s banks to the blockchain light. Better late than never!

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Identit HT

Does Satoshi’s Identity Matter?

satoshi identity

We all love a good mystery.

There is something to be said for not knowing such a key aspect of a subject for which you otherwise retain a passionate foundation of knowledge.  Whether you’re a distinguished cryptographer, or a small business owner who has just begun to use this strange new currency, we each share a level playing field when considering just how little we know about the person or group who started everything; the cipher known only as Satoshi Nakamoto.
Every few months, some new article rehashes the question of Bitcoins cultural identity crisis. The most recent of these is a New York Times article, written by Nathaniel Popper, which you can read HERE. If you enjoy reflecting on Bitcoins mysterious origins, I would not dissuade you from reading it. Before you give yourself over to the call of Bitcoin’s greatest enigma however, lets take a moment to examine why the identity of its founder is inconsequential to its continued success and acceptance.

SATOSHI DID NOT WORK ON BITCOIN AS WE KNOW IT

In the 5 years since he last contributed to the Bitcoin project, Core Developers have rewritten the Bitcoin Source code so extensively, that almost nothing remains of Satoshi’s original work. Bitcoin has now been growing longer without Satoshi than with him. While he was surely a visionary, Mr. Nakamoto was not necessarily a master engineer.  He relied closely on the company of people who were active within an already existing group of hobbyists and practitioners. It is many of these same people, such as Wladimir J. van der Laan, and Gavin Andresen, who have worked on Bitcoin’s Core Development from it’s earliest days. Dear losses have been suffered, with respect to the late Hal Finney, but Bitcoin’s developmental continuity remains nearly the same now as it was at its advent in 2009.

THE IDEA FOR DIGITAL CURRENCY HAS BEEN AROUND FOR DECADES

Be mindful, when romanticizing the world of innovation, is that it rarely matters who thought of an idea first. Credit goes to the person who builds and creates; who acts on their profound intentions, bringing them forth into reality. Satoshi Nakamoto deserves credit for giving digital currency it’s substantive form, but not necessarily as its progenitor. He built heavily on the shoulders of giants, and his respect for those who came before him may be partially responsible for his decision to remain anonymous. Eight separate sources are referenced at the conclusion of the Bitcoin white paper. Most important among this list are Wei Dei and Adam Back, both forbearers to the concepts of a cryptographically secured currency ledger and the proof-of-work algorithm, respectively. Correspondence between Satoshi and several of the people who’s ideas are referenced in the paper are publicly available online. Satoshi treats each of them with reverence, as should anyone benefitting from modern blockchain technology.

IT IS BETTER THAT WE DON’T KNOW

Bitcoin’s popularity has soared with an unprecedented rapidity since 2009. This is due in part to the laser-like focus on the actual breakthrough of digital currency, rather than on its creators.  When the world talks about Tesla, or Apple, attention is duly paid to their beguiling leadership and business practices. When the world talks about Bitcoin however, it talks about the technology. There are no distractions from charismatic faces, humbly shrugging aside their praise and deflecting admonition. It is impossible to shy away from a broad technological discussion when debating the merits of Bitcoin, which has led to intense passion from those in the know, and a fervent education for the people within their circles. Bitcoin is succeeding because of its community. There is no company, there is no face. There is only technology and people. In this respect, anonymity may have been Satoshi’s greatest gift to the world.
Riddles are great fun. They give us something to talk about when there is nothing else to say. They supply the news media with an excuse to write about us every couple of months, and reignite the worlds still-cautious fascination with our intriguing little society. Satoshi Nakamoto is Bitcoins own personal D.B. Cooper. He is often what people gravitate towards first in conversation, once they find out that you are a part of this world; a real life conspiracy theory, ripe for speculation. It’s exciting, and thrilling, and scary to some. Most importantly though, it’s a sublime tool by which we can embolden fresh minds to deeper conversation and understanding about this revolutionary technology that will continue to change the world for decades to come. For that, we say Thank you, Satoshi. Thank you for the sacrifice of your anonymity. Where ever you are now, be happy.

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Satoshi
bitcoin 20 glass

Bitcoin’s revolution moves beyond currency

(CoinDesk) Just when people were getting used to the idea that bitcoin might not be a boom-and-bust fad destined for failure, entirely new applications of the technology have joined digital currency on stage.
Crypto 2.0 – also know as cryptography 2.0, decentralized applications, or, popularly, as bitcoin 2.0 – is the application of block chain or distributed ledger technology to things other than digital currency. The block chain offers the ability to facilitate decentralized ownership and store, transfer and process information in a decentralized, programmable way. Many consider that innovation to be the true value of this technology.
In May, New York-based investment firm Ledra Capital took to Twitter to crowdsource a list of what kinds of information the block chain could be used for. Currency transactions, of course, topped the list. But, it was followed by things like stocks, bonds, mortgages, land titles, gun permits, contracts, votes, bets, trademarks, data storage, domain names, proof of authorship and much, much more.
As Robby Dermody, co-founder of Counterparty, told CoinDesk:

“Bitcoin can be used to pay for things like a cup of coffee, but that’s not bitcoin’s ‘killer app’. To the average customer it’s just as easy to pay with their credit card. A killer app would need to offer massive advantages in another area.”

A community of developers and entrepreneurs recognize this notion and have been busy building out many crypto 2.0 concepts. Dominik Zynis, the former head of business development at Mastercoin, commented on the significance of this movement to CoinDesk, saying:

“We ought to be paying very close attention to crypto 2.0 because bitcoin has redefined how we launch web services.”

Zynis believes crypto 2.0 companies are laying the foundation for a new generation of “secure and scalable Internet applications” that will be more resilient to hacking, fraud, scalability and privacy problems.
Bitcoin’s role as a digital currency is still a work in progress, both at the code and implementation level, as well as on the consumer and institutional adoption side. Still, the wider impact of distributed ledger technology is beginning to rapidly take shape. Vitalik Buterin, co-founder of Ethereum, illustrated the movement’s broader vision to CoinDesk, adding:
“I think now might be the time when we have just enough cryptographic, crypto-economic building blocks to finally make a proper shot at advancing a radically different vision for Internet architecture and society.”

Rise of the decentralized exchange

A year ago it might have been hard to believe that in just 12 month’s time, a publicly traded company would be openly exploring the possibility of launching a cryptosecurity on a decentralized asset exchange.
Overstock.com CEO Patrick Byrne has been outspoken in his support of digital currency, and he recently told CoinDesk that Overstock intends to figure out how to launch a cryptosecurity so other companies can use their system to raise funds. Overstock published a wiki on 29th July that currently details 12 organizations that have either launched decentralized exchanges or are building them.
Among them, Counterparty, NXT and BitShares have exchanges that are operational right now. Counterparty has been live since January and NXT’s Asset Exchange since May, while BitShares’s platform is only a few weeks old. Each exchange’s implementation differs in various ways, but they all share common features, namely the ability to create and trade user-defined assets without the need for a centralized third party.
Company shares are an obvious application of these platforms. On NXT’s Asset Exchange, for instance, where more than 220 user-defined assets have already been created, digital currency exchange service Coinomat has issued a cryptoasset that offers shareholders a 1.5% dividend of the company’s weekly profits. This is really an example of a smart contract that is automatically confirmed and processed over a block chain.
Other current examples of block chain implementations include the Digital Tangible Trust, which offers a tradable gold-backed cryptoasset. Non-traditional assets are also emerging, like those being created by MyPowers, whose digital tokens allow people to buy and trade brand equity in artists and organizations. Other projects are moving beyond assets, like Pavilion, which is planning to utilize block chain technology to sign and publicly publish contracts.
Future goals for cryptoassets include smart property linked to physical assets; imagine a rental car whose key was tradable as a token on a decentralized exchange and downloadable to a fob that would unlock the vehicle. There are also plans to launch what are called decentralized autonomous companies (DACs) – namely by projects like BitShares – which operate autonomously on top of a block chain and earn profit for shareholders.

Decentralized applications will hide the block chain

Beyond assets, there have been efforts to utilize the block chain as a way to store data. Namecoin, an attempt to create a decentralized domain name registry outside the control of ICANN, was arguably the second implementation of block chain technology after digital cash transactions. More recently, efforts like MaidSafe and Storj have completed fundraising rounds.
MaidSafe is attempting to use the bitcoin block chain to create a fully decentralized internet by sharing processing and memory power across a distributed network. Its April crypto-crowdsale notably raised $7m in five hours, although, due to the poor liquidity of the Mastercoin it received, it soon revised that number to $5.5m.
Storj completed its crypto-crowdsale on 20th August, raising 910 BTC. The Storj platform offers online storage similar to Dropbox or Google Drive, but does so over a distributed network. Utilizing the bitcoin block chain, Storj allows users to buy available disk space on the network, and in addition, allows users with free storage space to sell it to those in need.
Shawn Wilkinson, founder of Storj and a bitcoin developer, noted the value of expanded applications of the block chain, saying:

“Essentially you can take the technology from bitcoin, which is a $5bn–$6bn industry, and apply it to an existing area like cloud storage, which is a $150bn dollar industry.”

With applications like Storj, Wilkinson pointed out, you move past things like regulation, public perception, price volatility and the complexity of the underlying technology. Decentralized applications provide a user interface whose back-end could be a traditional network but happens to be a distributed one.

Sidechains, treechains and a question of blockchains

One important point of contention within the crytpo 2.0 space is what block chain this next generation of implementations should be built on top of. In one camp are the organizations like Ethereum and BitShares that are building their own, entirely new block chains on top of which their platforms will operate.
In June, bitcoin core developer Gavin Andresen addressed the Ethereum project in a blog post and suggested that Ethereum’s intentions to create a new proof of work system and currency seemed extraneous at first blush.
He wrote:

“Bitcoin already provides a global currency and distributed ledger – there is no need to reinvent those wheels. Combining real-world information with bitcoin is where things start to get really interesting.”

Alternatively, BitShares uses a mechanism called delegated proof-of-stake (DPOS), where stakeholders delegate their voting power to 101 delegates that take turns updating BitShares block chain. Distributed proof-of- helps prevent known risks of proof-of-work, including risk of a 51% attack.
Other crypto 2.0 initiative are seeking to adapt the bitcoin block chain to scale more effectively, be less decentralized and allow for permissionless development. One such effort is through bitcoin core developer Peter Todd’s treechain concept, which Todd is developing while working at crypto 2.0 start-up Viacoin. Side chains are another potential implementation that will allow new features to be added to the existing bitcoin block chain through new block chains that interact with it.

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Satoshi

Dogecoin to allow Litecoin merge mining in network security bid

(CoinDesk) The dogecoin development team has announced that it will soon enable auxiliary proof-of-work (AuxPoW), allowing merge-mining with litecoin that will address concerns over the altcoin’s future.
AuxPoW enables the dogecoin block chain to receive work from other scrypt-based networks. Dogecoin miners will still be able to generate blocks and receive DOGE, but now, litecoin miners will contribute hashing power to the dogecoin network.
The move, announced on the dogecoin subreddit, follows a months-long period of community debate focusing on the question of long-term viability in the dogecoin network. Litecoin creator Charlie Lee suggested the idea of merge mining in April, eliciting mixed reactions from both sides of the conversation.
According to the dogecoin development team, the AuxPoW integration will require a hard fork of the dogecoin wallet block chain. No specific integration date has been given, but the development team said that testing will begin soon.
As explained in the original announcement:
“Our topmost priority has always been to provide a stable platform for the currency and its services and of course its users. We hope that with AuxPoW we can achieve that in a better way than what it currently is like. Our hashrate has been on a decline and we hope that we can gain more of it with the acceptance of proof of work from other chains.”
As expected, community members voiced both enthusiasm and concern for the AuxPoW plan. Yet, advocates for the strategy, including Lee, say that the move will ensure the stability and security of the dogecoin network.

Plan to save dogecoin

AuxPoW is not new – several coins already enable work from other mining networks, with namecoin being the most prominent example. This long-standing reputation as a workable proofing system – and the strength of the litecoin network – has gained the idea support in recent weeks.
In a recent community post on /r/dogecoin, Dogetipbot creator Josh Mohland shared his perspective on the concept, saying that AuxPoW would help solve a key problem with dogecoin: the fact that it was never intended to function as a full-fledged transaction network.
Mohland explained:
“Dogecoin was built to die quickly – none of us expected it to grow into the absurd entity it is today. With that said, there’s absolutely an easy way to save the coin from its certain death (and by death I mean 51% attacked for the lulz), and that’s AuxPoW.”
He went on to call AuxPoW “a simple change” worth the trouble, owing to the fact that the risk of a 51% attack far outweighs perceived costs.
Other community members expressed concern over the idea, saying that the move enables large litecoin pools to crowd out smaller dogecoin miners. Questions were also raised as to whether or not AuxPoW would actually help prevent a 51% attack.

Dogecoin in ‘dire situation’, says Lee

Litecoin creator Lee hailed the announcement, telling CoinDesk that the development team made the right decision during a “dire situation”.
Lee argued that the move comes at the right time given the long-term threat to the dogecoin network – and, as some have pointed out, its falling price. He added that the move provides increased security for dogecoin without any repercussions, removing a source of concern for the network and enabling broader development in the community.
Lee told CoinDesk:
“[The community] can focus on what dogecoin does best (tipping, donations, wow) instead of worrying about defensive mining and network security.”

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Satoshi

A little altcoin sanity: Peercoin

(CoinReport) Litecoin, Namecoin, and Peercoin are the three you consistently would hear referred to when people talked about alts. It probably helped that BTC-e, one of the early altcoin hubs, added them all, giving them greatly increased prominence in the community. In looking at these four cryptocurrencies — Bitcoin, Namecoin, Litecoin, and Peercoin — it’s interesting to consider them in terms of how they differ from the original. Namecoin is the least distinct from Bitcoin: The only real distinction is the additional name-capturing feature. Litecoin is distinct in a few ways: block timing, total coins, and hashing algorithm (Scrypt). Still, neither of these were really all THAT different.
Peercoin actually IS different on a fundamental level. It introduced a concept now relatively commonplace within altcoins: Proof-of-Stake. Before we go anywhere, though, specs:
– Developed by Sunny King and Scott Nadal
– Announced well in advance of release on August 12th, 2012
– Mixed proof-of-work and proof-of-stake network security
– No maximum coins, eventually maintains 1% inflation through Proof-of-Stake
– 10-minute confirmations, like Bitcoin
So what exactly IS Proof-of-Stake (from here on out, PoS, no giggling please)? It’s the use of coins held in wallets to secure the blockchain. On a very basic level (and apologies in advance for an analogy which distorts the situation, I only have so much space), pretend you’re trying to account for all the gold in the world. You have a list of everyone who had some gold last time you checked. You ask all of those people “Hey, how much gold do you have?” and they all send you proof of exactly how much they have. So you can cross those people off your list — you only need to go find the as-yet-unknown gold owners. Much less work. As a reward to those gold owners (Peercoin-owners) they get a tiny bit more Peercoin, distributed based on how many Peercoins they own. This is essentially the basics of PoS: Instead of using electrical power to compute hashes to continuous prove ownership of coins and ensure network security, the PoS model just looks backwards in time to check and make sure proper ownership was verified, and that the coins have remained in that person’s wallet since that last check. If both of those are the case, no more work is needed to be done.
So why would anyone want to use a PoS system? More directly, what are the advantages?
First, it incentivizes owners of coins to own them. Generating 1% interest per year is a neat little benefit — not so much that it is a major problem for currency stability, or that it benefits holding coins so much that it promotes severe deflation, but just a little bit.
Second, it ends the possibility of some of the exploits the Bitcoin network needs to fear, such as the 51% attack. A 51% attack is essentially nonsensical when considered in terms of PoS, where an attacker would need to own 51% of the coins in order to perform it. I don’t even want to consider what the market capitalization of Peercoin would have to reach for one entity to buy up half of the coins, but suffice it to say that it would be the most expensive act of cutting off one’s nose to spite one’s face any of us had ever bore witness to.
Finally, since PoS replaces a significant portion of the role played by PoWork for securing the Peercoin blockchain, it is far more energy-efficient. No need to be running a huge amount of hashpower — those rooms full of Bitcoin mining ASICs don’t have a place in Peercoin. This is relevant for exactly the reason you would think: If you can achieve the same result (secure blockchain) with less expended resources (less energy), why wouldn’t you? Or, to quote from the end of the Peercoin White Paper: “…we expect proof-of-stake designs to become a potentially more competitive form of peer-to-peer crypto-currency to proof-of-work designs due to the elimination of dependency on energy consumption, thereby achieving lower inflation/lower transaction fees at comparable network security levels.”
Anytime resources must be expended in pursuit of a goal, the end-user must pay for those resources. The end-user of a cryptocurrency is its owners; why pay miners unless you have to? As Bitcoin did to banks and the fiat money system, so can Peercoin do to Bitcoin, at least in theory.
But there’s still one very unanswered question: How do we value Peercoin?
Unfortunately, for once, I’m going to have to tell you all something a little embarrassing: I have no idea. I understand what value it adds to the world (a blockchain which is cheaper to run than a purely PoWork model), but it’s hard to say how that added value can be understood in terms of market capitalisation. Essentially, though, there are two potential options:
1. Bitcoin and Peercoin coexist. Bitcoin is used as the “reserve currency” of the cryptocurrency world; the asset in relation to which all others are considered. Bitcoin is not commonly used for simple transactions due to high costs of exchange. Peercoin portefeuille, being cheaper to use thanks to PoS, is used instead.
2. Bitcoin’s first mover advantage is somehow lost (or a black swan takes flight), and cheaper methods of curating the blockchain, such as PoS, take over. Peercoin takes on the role of reserve currency thanks to its competitive advantage over PoW, and due to its first-mover advantage relative to other PoS systems.
And, of course, option three: Peercoin loses and becomes an unremarkable footnote to history. It is worth noting that option three is the path most altcoins are very likely to follow. I simply don’t often discuss it, because the role of an investor is to look for potential value; if you spend all your time pointing at things you expect will fail, you’re just wasting time.

Open your free digital wallet here to store your cryptocurrencies in a safe place.

Satoshi

Virtual and digital currencies can challenge the sovereignty of states

(CoinTelegraph) “Virtual and digital currencies can challenge the sovereignty of states,” says Gareth Murphy, senior Central Bank of Ireland
official. At a recent digital money conference in Dublin, he mentioned
that rivals are interfering with a bank’s ability to sway the price of
credit for the entire economy. Murphy warned that there might be
considerable threat to the finances of a country if increasingly more
transactions for services and goods fade away from the tax system due to
the use of crypto currencies such as Bitcoin. He added:

 

“Central banks, [out] of necessity, have monopolized the exercise
of these functions. Virtual currencies pose new challenges to central
banks’ control over these important functions.”

Bitfin 2014 is Ireland’s biggest
Bitcoin conference. It gathers the brightest minds in finance,
payments, banking, and business. The goal is to host fearless debates on
the risks and opportunities involved with decentralized currencies.
Bitfin (Bitcoin Finance) wants to shape
the future of corporate strategy, commerce, and economic policy in the
current industry of peer-to-peer digital money. “Bitcoin Finance is the
digital money conference you’ve been waiting for,” the official press
release reads.
Bitcoin Gaining ground in Ireland
Losing confidence in currencies may lead to uncertainty, which can
trigger significant drops in economic activity. The Central Bank has
constantly emphasized that it doesn’t recognize digital currencies such
as Bitcoin in Ireland. Nonetheless, those who choose to use Bitcoin anyway won’t have consumer protection.
As the Director of Markets Supervision at the Central Bank, Mr.
Murphy is well aware that virtual currencies could offer a great option
for people looking to buy and sell different services and goods. He
added that in these circumstances, the anti-money laundering rules will
be thoroughly tested.  Failure of settlement infrastructure and
payments, or any sort of “financial plumbing,” could have a great impact
on the country’s economic activity and consumer confidence. Murphy
said:

 

“In effect, economic activity is the aggregate of domestic
transactions in the ‘euro-denominated economy’ and the ‘virtual currency
economy.’”

Because digital currencies pervade economic activity, major financial
institutions and banks will most likely feel the effects. Other major
financial institutions don’t see Bitcoin as a threat to their
operations. However, in Murphy’s view, these institutions would be
foolish to have this kind of attitude towards the technology,
mentioning:

 

“This is likely to have a profound operational impact on these firms and their regulatory risk profile.”

Monetary and economic changes
In today’s hybrid economy, central banks will have to face a lot of
economic challenges. Digital currencies defy the way these institutions
calibrate exchange rates, monetary policy and set price of credit.
Supporting Bitcoin and encouraging its growth would have to be
attentively monitored. Gareth Murphy added:

 

 “The existence of a ‘euro-denominated economy’ and a ‘virtual
currency economy’ raises the prospect of an internal balance of payments
between two sub-economies where suppliers may prefer one currency over
another as a means of payment (for different goods and services).”

Virtual currencies – a bank’s worst enemy
Most economies function with many different currencies and the USD is
the most frequently used on a global scale. Bitcoin undermines a
central bank’s ability on matters such as economic analysis, data
collection, supervision, policy formation, enforcement and resolution,
so these sort of implications can’t be overlooked.
As far as regulation is concerned, Murphy suggests that Bitcoin
shouldn’t take things for granted and assume its actions will keep
falling under US and Switzerland regulations. He did mention that
Bitcoin should be used to support indefinite innovations that may come
from a wiser use of the technology:

 

 “We should not presume that current regulations are
future-proof. It is possible that further innovations will mean that
these regulations may no longer apply. This suggests that new
regulations may ultimately be needed which are based on new legal
concepts with a clear scope which must stand the test of time.”

Virtual currencies will soon become a bank’s worst enemy, and that’s
because they’re offering lower fees, commissions, greater convenience
etc. Bitcoin might gain control over the most important functions of
exchange rate and monetary policy. In spite of the currency’s relative
instability, more people are turning their attention to Bitcoin, and the
more publicity it receives the higher chances it has to become
ubiquitous in our everyday lives.

Open your free digital wallet here to store your cryptocurrencies in a safe place.

Satoshi
bitcoin2 1

Bitcoin’s real value lies in the disruption it promises

The cryptocurrency has been grabbing attention for its scope to revolutionise our financial system. About time, we took a broader view of it.
bitcoin matrix
Bitcoin has been the focus of media and regulators globally, for the simple fact that its decentralised nature and disruptive impact upon the financial infrastructure of the world brings tremendous changes to established conventions. Power is shifted away from financial institutions and distributed across a vast network of peers that acts as a consensus engine.
This democratises the very nature of the financial system, reducing the power of the oligopolies that control the financial system. However, the true potential of Bitcoin lies not in the ability to disrupt the financial ecosystem, but that of the Bitcoin protocol.
Bitcoin is more than just an encrypted digital payment method. Bitcoin is based around a public ledger system – the blockchain — which uses cryptography to validate transactions. Bitcoin users control access to their Bitcoin wallets through a system of public and private keys. As such, Bitcoin is an open source peer-to-peer (P2P) channel that doesn’t compromise privacy and security.
Also Read: What is Bitcoin?
Payment applications of Bitcoin have been evaluated in-depth, remittances, micropayments, and donations being among the financial transactions focussed upon. The Bitcoin protocol conceptually disrupts systems reliant on networks of intermediaries and agents for validation and trust. Two sectors subject to this are asset transferrals and contracts. Practically any system requiring validated transactions and using intermediaries to vet them are vulnerable to this.
Asset transferrals
The Bitcoin protocol, or any conceptually similar protocol,  potentially simplify asset transfers. Most asset transfers require significant energy to execute. This is because of due diligence and compliance requirements, as well as vetting and validation by various parties. Purchasing cars, boats or houses from individual sellers often requires intermediaries performing due diligence and maintaining compliance with legal requirements.
A blockchain alters this by qualifying how Bitcoins or equivalent digital tokens represent tangible assets. Bitcoin entrepreneurs at firms like Colored Coin are developing methods using Bitcoin fractions to symbolise physical objects. This digital fraction can then publicly identify and denote asset ownership, optionally including records of past ownership, transactions and other relevant data.
For example, if purchasing real estate, new owners could verify renovation(s), prior ownership and inspections by reference to the blockchain. If buying a user vehicle, owners could refer to the blockchain for insurance details and other relevant data assigned to it. Ownership could be transferred and titles validated on-site. This would have repercussions for industries reliant on networks of intermediaries to facilitate and validate transactions.
Blockchain approaches create efficient and simple mechanism enabling administrative simplicity and elegant functionality — allowing direct asset transfers without using brokers, lawyers, notaries or other intermediaries to vet, validate and verify transactions. The details of the transaction are locked into the blockchain and available to the public for review at their discretion.
Contract implementation
Bitcoin protocols impact the structuring and implementation of contracts, bringing greater economic efficiency and legal transparency to otherwise opaque practices in specific markets. Lawyers draft contracts on a case-by-case basis, with significant energy devoted to the process: negotiation, development and enforcement.
Contract-based markets often lack transparency and maintain a level of opacity, with a power inequality problem between contract holders and signers, reducing market efficiency and potentially creating distribution and justice problems in such markets. Traditional contracts are replaced by software code instead, which executes when triggered by specific conditions.
For example, options could be developed to execute trades over the blockchain at a specified time or in reaction to financial markets reaching specific conditions.
One benefit is reducing legal fees, as these contracts could be standardised and distributed as open source templates. Financial markets would become transparent, as regulators and analysts could access the blockchain, without forcing the disclosure of specific positions.
Ventures like Ethereum are developing these capabilities today. Ethereum is in the process of developing a network serving as a registry and escrow. This network will execute contract conditions automatically, if and when they fulfill a rule set.
Rather than forking Bitcoin in an attempt to tailor it towards specific industries or applications, Ethereum is designed as a separate and alternative cryptocurrency network that resolves issues with Bitcoin’s scalability and efficiency. Ethereum contracts are  modelled as autonomous agents simulated by the blockchain. Each contract has an internal script, with scripting code activated when a transaction occurs.
Proof of Existence has created a similar system to certify and validate documents. Using the blockchain, it provides online, distributed proof for documents secured using a cryptographic digest of the file, but not the file or information itself. This is time-stamped and certifies the existence of the document in a public ledger, using a decentralised certification based on the Bitcoin network.
Property and contracts are just some areas that the P2P nature of the Bitcoin protocol will affect. Achieving wider adoption requires Bitcoin and its advocates to address significant questions and concerns regarding trust, ease-of-use and functionality. However, the Bitcoin community is showing remarkable adaptability, with many working to ameliorate problems and educate the public.

There will be significant innovation and development centred around the Bitcoin ecosystem in the years to come. Much of this will initially revolve around payments, investments and financial systems. Its real value, though, lies in the decentralisation and disruption it promises.

Open your free digital wallet here to store your cryptocurrencies in a safe place.

Satoshi