(
CoinDesk) What is Ripple? Well, it is both a digital currency and a payments protocol, and it is the latter that has got people excited.
Ripple has been hitting the news recently, with banks saying
it has promise, and even for the first time
starting to use it for services. But many people don’t understand it, so how does it work, exactly?
A good parallel is the
hawala network –
a traditional, non-digital way of sending money from city to
city. Hawala has its roots in medieval Arabia, and is still in use today
in places where banks won’t or can’t operate.
A medieval banking system
Hawala
is best described as money transmission without money movement,
providing the appearance of instant remittance between separate
locations; for example, sending money between different cities or
countries.
In the basic case, say Alex wants to send money to Beth:
- Alex goes to his local hawala agent and gives him some cash and a password, which he and Beth share.
- The agent telephones Beth’s local agent and tells him to release funds to someone who can provide the password.
- Beth walks in to her agent, says the password, and receives cash. Commissions can be taken from either or both agents.
Note
that money has been transmitted from Alex to Beth, but the physical
notes have not moved. We are left in a situation where Alex’s agent owes
Beth’s agent money.
They can either settle the debt later, or
hope that there may be reverse transactions if other clients want to
move money in the opposite direction.
Also note that trust is involved. In this scenario, there are three trust relationships:
- Alex has to trust that his agent will do the right thing, as he is handing over cash.
- Beth has to trust that her agent will do the right thing, as she is expecting to receive cash.
- The agents need to trust each other over the repayment of the debt (IOUs).
Moving to Ripple
Now
we can have websites or shops that perform the function of agents, and
instead of agents phoning each other, we can communicate the IOUs
electronically.
This is how Ripple works: Alex logs on to his
preferred Ripple gateway, deposits money to it, and instructs them to
release funds to Beth via her gateway. Beth collects her funds.
You now understand Ripple. Simple eh?
Not just cash
In the example above, we talked about cash. Now this can also work with physical gold.
So
long as both gateways are prepared to accept and hand out the precious
metal, and the gateways have a trust relationship that allows the IOUs
of gold (as opposed to IOUs of cash in the first example), the network
still works, and you can transmit gold.
Alex gives gold, Beth receives gold, and Alex’s agent owes Beth’s agent gold.
You now understand that Ripple can work for gold, not just money.
Anything goes
Now replace the word ‘gold’ with ‘anything’.
Now, you can transmit anything without moving it, so long as both gateways are set up to deal in it.
This
works best for non-perishable, fungible goods (cash is good, gold is
OK, as are cryptocurrencies, but can also be extended to beer and
flowers, if the gateways want to deal in them.
You now understand that Ripple can transfer anything.
Conversion of goods
If
either gateway is prepared to exchange cash with gold (ie: act as a
gold trader, or ‘market maker’ in Ripple terminology), then Alex can put
cash in at his gateway and Beth can get gold out at hers.
You now understand that Ripple can also morph stuff.
No direct trust? Find a chain
What if Alex’s gateway doesn’t have a trust relationship with Beth’s gateway?
So
long as there are intermediary gateways who can form a chain of trust
for the object being passed (cash, or gold, or whatever), the
transaction will work.
The Ripple algorithm tries to find the
shortest trust path between the gateways. So, thinking back to hawala,
Alex’s agent may not trust Beth’s agent, but there may be a third agent
who trusts the other two. So there will be two IOUs: Alex’s agent owes
the third agent, who owes Beth’s agent.
No chain of trust? Use ripples.
What if the network can’t find any chain of trust between the two gateways at all for the cash or goods in question?
This is where ‘ripples’ (XRP) come in. XRP is the ‘currency of last resort’ for the ripple network.
All
gateways provide a price in XRP of anything they deal in (for example: a
dollar is 200 XRP; 1 oz of gold might be 260,000 XRP).
You could say, USD is the currency of last resort in the USA – that is, everything has a price in USD.
This
means, within the Ripple network, you can convert anything to a number
of XRPs, transfer the XRPs via the trust chains, then convert back at
the end gateway, if needed.
XRP is not just a currency of last resort
As well as being a ‘bridging currency’ or a ‘currency of last resort’, XRP also has other notable benefits.
Firstly,
XRP as a currency settles immediately, so when it’s sent on the
Ripple network, the ownership of the actual asset changes – so it’s
final and trustless.
This is in contrast to IOUs, which, although
transferred instantly, still need to be redeemed from a gateway. This
gives rise to counterparty credit risk, as it needs you to trust that
the gateway will fulfill its obligations.
Secondly, transfers of XRPs over ripple incur fewer and smaller transaction fees, as there are fewer intermediaries needed.
Who owes who?
Who
is keeping track of all the IOUs? In the hawala system, each agent
keeps their own ledger, and they are reconciled periodically within
their network of trust.
In Ripple, a public ledger of accounts,
balances, and IOUs are kept updated by everyone simultaneously in the
Ripple network, which is a distributed collection of servers around the
world.
The servers agree on changes by consensus (effectively: “Do
we all agree this transaction can take place?”). There is no central
‘authority’ who says yes or no to transactions, and anyone can be a
server by running free software on their computer.
That’s just the beginning
There
is more here, and as you dig, you’ll learn about market makers, who
provide prices at which they are prepared to trade between goods (for
example, cash for gold, gold for silver, silver for XRP, XRP for GBP,
and so on).
You’ll start to understand why every transaction costs
a small number of XRP (a 1/1000 of a cent, to stop transaction spam),
and that the network is pre-lubricated with 100 billion XRPs.
You’ll
discover the elegance of confirmation via consensus. You’ll learn that
transactions based on cryptography on a distributed network with public
ledgers is faster, cheaper, lower risk, and much, much better in almost
every way possible than centralised pre-Internet correspondent banking
messaging networks such as SWIFT, that some financial institutions
currently operate on. You’ll learn much, much more.
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